Civil Rights Definition

Civil rights are the rights of individuals to be protected against unfair treatment based on certain personal characteristics like race, gender, age, or disability. Governments enact civil rights laws to protect people from discrimination in social functions such as education, employment, housing, and access to public accommodations. Civil Rights Key Takeaways Civil rights protect people from unequal treatment based on their individual characteristics like race and gender.Governments create civil rights laws to ensure fair treatment of groups that have traditionally been the target of discrimination.Civil rights differ from civil liberties, which are specific freedoms of all citizens as listed and ensured in a binding document, such as the U.S. Bill of Rights, and interpreted by the courts. Civil Rights Definition Civil rights are a set of rights—established by law—that protect the freedoms of individuals from being wrongly denied or limited by governments, social organizations, or other private individuals. Examples of civil rights include the rights of people to work, study, eat, and live where they choose. To turn a customer away from a restaurant solely because of his or her race, for example, is a civil rights violation under United States laws.  Ã‚   Civil rights laws are often enacted in order to guarantee fair and equal treatment for groups of people who have historically faced discrimination. In the United States, for example, several civil rights laws focus on â€Å"protected classes† of people who share characteristics such as race, gender, age, disability, or sexual orientation. While now taken for granted in most other western democracies, consideration for civil rights has been deteriorating, according to international monitoring agencies. Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the global war on terror has driven many governments to sacrifice civil rights in the name of security. Civil Rights vs. Civil Liberties Civil rights are often confused with civil liberties, which are the freedoms guaranteed to the citizens or residents of a country by an overriding legal covenant, like the U.S. Bill of Rights, and interpreted by the courts and lawmakers. The First Amendment’s right to free speech is an example of a civil liberty. Both civil rights and civil liberties differ subtly from human rights, those freedoms belonging to all people regardless of where they live, such as freedom from slavery, torture, and religious persecution. International Perspective and Civil Rights Movements Virtually all nations deny some civil rights to some minority groups either by law or by custom. In the United States, for example, women continue to face discrimination in jobs traditionally held exclusively by men. While the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations in 1948, embodies civil rights, the provisions are not legally binding. Thus, there is no worldwide standard. Instead, individual nations tend to respond differently to pressure for enacting civil rights laws. Historically, when a significant portion of a nation’s people feel they are treated unfairly, civil rights movements emerge. While most often associated with the American Civil Rights Movement, similar notable efforts have occurred elsewhere. South Africa The South African system of government-sanctioned racial segregation known as apartheid came to an end after a high-profile civil rights movement that began in the 1940s. When the white South African government responded by jailing Nelson Mandela and most of its other leaders, the anti-apartheid movement lost strength until the 1980s. Under pressure from the United States and other Western nations, the South African government released Nelson Mandela from prison and lifted its ban on the African National Congress, the major black political party, in 1990. In 1994, Mandela was elected the first black president of South Africa. India The struggle of the Dalits in India has similarities to both the American Civil Rights Movement and the South African anti-apartheid movement. Formerly known as the â€Å"Untouchables,† the Dalits belong to the lowest social group in India’s Hindu caste system. Though they make up one-sixth of India’s population, the Dalits were forced to live as second-class citizens for centuries, facing discrimination in access to jobs, education, and allowed marriage partners. After years of civil disobedience and political activism, the Dalits won victories, highlighted by the election of K. R. Narayanan to the presidency in 1997. Serving as president until 2002, Narayanan stressed the nation’s obligations towards the Dalits and other minorities and called attention to the other many social ills of caste discrimination. Northern Ireland After the division of Ireland in 1920, Northern Ireland witnessed violence between the ruling British Protestant majority and members of the native Irish Catholic minority. Demanding an end to discrimination in housing and employment opportunities, Catholic activists launched marches and protests modeled after the American Civil Rights Movement. In 1971, the internment without trial of over 300 Catholic activists by the British government sparked an escalated, often-violent civil disobedience campaign headed by the Irish Republican Army (IRA). The turning point in the struggle came on Bloody Sunday, January 30, 1972, when 14 unarmed Catholic civil rights marchers were shot dead by the British army. The massacre galvanized the British people. Since Bloody Sunday, the British Parliament has instituted reforms protecting the civil rights of Northern Irish Catholics. Sources and Further Reference Hamlin, Rebecca. Civil Rights. Encyclopedia Britannica.. U.Civil Rights Act of 1964S. EEOC.Shah, Anup. Human Rights in Various Regions. Global Issues (October 1, 2010).Dooley, Brian. Black and Green: The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland and Black America. (Excerpts) Yale University.Bloody Sunday: What happened on Sunday 30 January 1972? BBC News (March 14, 2019).

College Is A Time For Young Men And Women - 991 Words

College is a time for young men and women to achieve a higher education in order to grasp their dreams and hopes for their lives. While on this endeavor, pressures in all forms, shapes, and sizes attack us nearly every day. As a college student the fear and lack of money show their ugly head all the time. Learning to budget money, deciding what is important to spend limited funds on, and the ever present repayment of college loans puts stress on students. But the pressure that weighs the most on my mind is the health of my family members. Letting these fear, distract your attention and focus can lead to a place of depression and anxiety - I would personally know because it has affected me only six weeks into college. Money is without a doubt the root of any and all evil. Money makes people do crazy things to obtain it. It is very much like a drug that affects everyone on the planet, because of the allure of power that comes with it. But in my circumstance money concerns me in the form of college payments. The constant thought of â€Å"what if† attacks me on a day to day basis; what if I don’t have enough money to eat today, what if my scholarship falls through. But college is a ride that I willing signed up for and I am more than determined to see it until the end. I feel that if I fail in college all of my hard work and all of my dreams, and my mother’s dreams will be for nothing. Now the annual repayment of loans isn’t the biggest factor to me, it is six months afterShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Hooking Up?1070 Words   |  5 Pagesoccurs between two young adults, most commonly on college campuses all over the country. While some believe that it is an innocuous pairing b etween two young adults, I strive to argue that the hook up culture represents a problematic arrangement between two young adults, as it can lead to a depressed psyche, diseases, and create unhealthy interpersonal relationships. 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Douglas presents an analysis of how women are presented to the public and how we continue to be treated as inferior to men despite the strides of feminism. After reading this book, I even find myself reading or watching something and pretty much look to see if it is women friendly or not. This is something I really never done before until now. This book definitely

Strategies and Tactics Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Strategies and Tactics Leadership. Answer: Introduction The nature of workplace is changing day by day with the coming up of technologies like artificial intelligence, cloud computing and workplace trackers. It is predicted that these technologies will invade peoples life in such a way that it will present many challenges for employees, leaders and HRM. With emerging technologies, employees are more likely to use different apps to manage their work and professional life. It will also change the manner in which leaders and HRM can track progress and development of each employees. While some aspects of the technology might benefit the employees, it might also present challenges for leaders and HRM and vice versa. Hence, use of mobile technology can either have a positive or negative impact on work performance (Yueh, Lu, Lin, 2016). The main purpose of this report is to evaluate the use of Apps by employees to manage their work and personal life and find out how this trend might have an impact on them as well as HRM. It will identify the ad vantage and disadvantage of mobile applications for the work process. Finally, the report will recommend solutions to address the challenge faced by each of them and develop innovative strategies to develop a cooperative work place. Implications of mobile app use for employees Just like mobile applications have changed daily experience of staying in touch with friends and getting entertainment, it will transform employees experience at work in the future. Business review report confirms that the number of enterprise apps is increasing every year and it is predicted that it will increase the productivity in the organization by 40% (Panepinto, 2017).Increased numbers of organizations are willing to equip their employees with mobile apps to carry out core business process. The mobile app will make it easier for employees to interact and collaborate with leaders and other team members in a virtual platform. They will be able to use scanner, notebook, presentation tool, personal assistants and many other apps to manage their job responsibilities. As employees personal and professional lives are dominated by usable mobile apps, employees expect work apps to be usable too. However many employees may face challenge in adopting to the new mobile apps for the workfo rce due to issues like facing difficulty in accessing key functions and smoothly navigating between apps. Therefore, it is important to have an app that allows easy data entry to address the problems of employee and increase work productivity. One main disadvantage of the use of mobile apps by employees at work is that it will lead to security threats for organization. Employees will generally install malicious apps and the lack of precautions while using the apps will lead to security threats for the organization. In order to avoid loss of sensitive information via bring your own device (BYOD) apps, employees need to learn of ways to secure their mobile data in the future. In an attempt to improve work efficiency and productivity, operational methods of work and BYOD environment needs to be reviewed (Garba et al., 2015). Organization can take steps to address these maladaptive behaviors among employees by imposing restrictions on app download in the workplace. The work managers should give education to employees about mobile apps and encourage them to download apps from corporate app stores only. As increased use of app in workplace will lead to risk of insecure data storage, poor authorization, leak of sensitive informat ion, developing custom mobile apps specific to the need of organization might be the solutions to address the problem in the future A. (Harris Patten, 2014). Market research indicates about 35% smart phones will be used for business purpose and the future aim of organization will be to provide mobile applications tailored to the needs of employees. The improvement in functionality of devices will help employees to use apps professionally. It will create opportunities for unified communication with employees via different media (Da Xu, He, Li, 2014). However, the main challenge for employees in working with these apps at work is that they need to have detailed knowledge regarding the mobile communication channels and have the creativity to take innovative decisions. Secondly, they may face problem in using mobile apps at work due to poor pre-launch testing program at work. If the app is not reliable and do not provide positive user experience, employees are most likely to use abandon this app (Garba et al., 2015). Another problem for employees is that they expect workplace mobile apps to be usable, but issues related to crashes and device incompatibility might create negative experience for employees. Mobile apps will provide employees the option to work from anywhere, however some may find home environment unsuitable for office task. It is also possible that lack of employees physical proximity with employers might have an impact on their job performance and commitment. Forcing employees to work on certain devices might also cause dissatisfaction and unnecessary conflicts in workplace (Hsiao, Chang, Tang, 2016). The goal of future workplace should be to maximize the benefit of mobile apps in workplace by giving reliable user experience to employees. Investment in employee training will help to address security related issues of employees. Mobile app delivered with end user usability in mind will help to enhance employee performance and work flow. Employees commitment towards work will also help them to overcome work issues and engage in unified communication at workplace. Effective mobile strategy will increase employee satisfaction in the job and it also provides them better flexibility in their work environment. Improvement in mobile devices and workplace infrastructure will provide better work options to employees (Yueh, Lu, Lin, 2016). Furthermore, employee will have to develop their skills related to mobile device management to effectively carry out functions like device administration, access control and surveillance reporting. This skill will also enable them to manage security aspec ts of the app (Neal Weintraub, 2014).. Implications of mobile app use for HRM The rise in usage of mobile applications in workplace will have many positive implications for human resource management. With the increase in the number of organization in the 21st century, HR will play an important role in recruiting skilled human capital to gain a competitive advantage in business. The use of relevant mobile apps will help them to gain accurate information about current employees and talented new candidates at a fast pace. It would help them achieve good results in managing workflow and employees in workplace. Furthermore, an HR manager who is equipped with the mobile applications management skills can contribute to overall productivity of the organization. Different apps related to HRM system will help them to accurately store, retrieve, analyze and transfer information regarding the human capital in the organization. Mobile apps will help them to improve core competencies in employees, manage internal process and modify organization structure (Zikic, 2015). Howe ver, with the rise in new mobile app usage, new competencies are required by HR professionals to efficiently manage their responsibilities. In the traditional system of workplace, HR managers had to manage a variety of paper-based documents which was a complex work. However, with the rise in mobile application use in future, the shortage of digital skills will become a major problem in workplace. The role of HR managers will become challenging due to shortage of skills to find solutions to HR related issues from mobile apps (Kang, 2014). Current reports points out that very few HR managers are actively involved in their skill development and digital skills development are mostly seen by IT division or functional teams (Ahmad, 2015). Hence companies need to take proactive stance to pass the message to HR professionals that traditional HR practices will not work in digital word and they need to have new skills to thrive in competitive job market. There are many HR function areas which should go mobile and it will help HR professional to complete actions at a fast pace. For example mobile learning application will enable HR managers to share information of employees related to product release and latest marketing campaigns. Furthermore, a worker directory app will in easy handling of workers profile and updating recent goal of the organization. Employees do not tend to check emails or portals when they are away from office, hence HR managers can use workforce communication app to inform employees about latest stock acquisition or new developments in the organization (Lindeman et al., 2014).The digital skills development will help HR managers to use new ways to recruit employees and retain talented candidates in the job. Mobile app usage will also have great implications for facilitating innovative work process. In the future, HR professionals will have to learn sufficient technical and mobile device management skills in the era of digital transformation. They need to complement these skills with their HR acumen. The true potential of the apps can be realized when HR use them to train an develop employees. Effective training by the use of mobile device will foster development of existing talents in the job and it will also turn out to be an effective way to manage people at workplace (Pande Gomes, 2015). For example apps related to HR will act as a great medium for HR managers to inform new candidates about upcoming interview schedules and other recruitment information. Therefore, after acquiring new technical skills related to mobile devices, HR professionals can prepare themselves to move towards a paperless administration and achieve process human resource data at high speed. The other important scope of mobile devices for HRM will be that it will help them to get instant access to HR da ta and categorise information. It will provide them the opportunity to achieve consistency and accuracy in HRM. The improvement in quality of HR service will reduce cost of the organization and improve productivity (Hoendervanger et al., 2015). Implications of workplace change for leaders As it is predicted that in the future, employees are more likely to use mobile applications to manage work and personal life, office staffs and executive manager must have a system in place to conduct business systematically. When employees will be using mobile applications, better collaboration is needed with other staffs and managers to access real-time information about work. Without effective interactions, it will be difficult for the workforce to operate efficiently and at optimal levels. The mobile applications will create demands of a mobile workforce and it will become a challenge for leaders to implement strategies that allows employees to work from anywhere and on any device (Reber, 2014). In the future, it is possible that one employee might be using many applications to do his or her work. In that case, a leader will have to completely modify his communication style to embrace mobile apps in work. It will become a challenge for them and some may resist incorporating the mobile revolution into the workplace due to communication or security issues (Arbore, Soscia, Bagozzi, 2014). However, in the future, they will have to adopt mobile applications and think of ways to create a parallel infrastructure to remain connected with employees. Instead of struggling with the change in workplace due to mobile technology, leaders will have to work out strategies to embrace the mobile applications (Groves et al., 2016). It is predicted that smartphone user will rise by about 6.1 billion users in 2020, hence critical action taken by leaders to adopt the technology might revolutionize the work process and bring rich dividends for the organization (Kraft, 2017). In order to move forward with the mobile future instead of lagging behind, leaders and workplace managers can use mobiles apps as a channel for information and interaction with employees. As organizations work with global partners, leaders may need to communicate with employees at all time. Transformation style of leadership is required to empower employees and support them in enhancing the organizational innovation (Mason et al., 2014). Leaders will have to modify their collaboration skills to get connected with the virtual team whenever needed and then disband. They will now have to work across boundaries to manage the change process and facilitate better collaboration with each employee. The negative aspect of the use of mobile apps is that it will create a 24/7 workplace culture leading to frequent interruptions and increase stress due to the demand of being connected constantly through apps. In that case, leaders will have to work to create flexible work process and take fast-paced decisions (Alexander Van Knippenberg, 2014). Although mobile apps will create opportunities to increase better relationship with other companies, a leader with an accountable attitude will help to nurture diversity at workplace. There is chance of great complexity in the work process in the initial phase of adoption to the mobile technology, therefore leaders will have to learn to deal with these complexity and stay focused even in stressful situations (Bryson, Crosby, Stone, 2015). Hence, the analysis of the change in future workplace environment due to the use of apps by employees suggests that leaders in the future need to be very dynamic. Work manager will have to work to modify the network structures and they need to have a relational attitude to manage a virtual team and encourage them to achieve business goals. They will act as a guide to train employees for successful work outcomes and support them to adapt to the new work culture (Zhang, Wang, Pearce, 2014). A transformational attitude in leaders will be required to model new behaviors, balance work process and openly communicate with the team. Through their leadership skills and use of apps, they will establish trust with their team and ensure better team participation (Breevaart et al., 2015). Therefore, in a rapidly changing work environment, strong analytical and communication skills will help them to master new technology and achieve organizational success. Conclusion From the analysis of the future workplace change due to use of mobile apps by employees, it can be concluded that business organization will definitely get benefit from the digital revolution. The initial phase of transforming to mobile device from traditional approach of work may be difficult for employees, leaders and HRM. However, work in the areas of skill development will enable all of them to seize the new digital opportunity and enhance their professional performance in the job. The report gave implications of the workplace changes for HRM, employees and leaders and what steps they should take to overcome the challenges in adapting to the new technology. Companies should also prepare themselves for the future by having clear BYOD policies so that employees and HR professionals uses the app in a judicious manner. Leaders or work managers have to be careful to analyze any risk in business due to mobile app usage and take adequate steps to secure the organizations mobile applicat ion. Hence, with critical actions taken to reduce the risk and challenges associated with adapting the mobile application, everyone can the benefits and enhance efficiency and productivity in the work. Reference Harris, M., P. Patten, K. (2014). Mobile device security considerations for small-and medium-sized enterprise business mobility.Information Management Computer Security,22(1), 97-114. Ahmad, S. (2015). Changing technological scenario in organisations.Middle East Journal of Management,2(2), 143-156. Alexander, L., Van Knippenberg, D. (2014). Teams in pursuit of radical innovation: A goal orientation perspective.Academy of Management Review,39(4), 423-438. Arbore, A., Soscia, I., Bagozzi, R. P. (2014). The role of signaling identity in the adoption of personal technologies.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,15(2), 86. Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., Derks, D. (2015). Who takes the lead? A multi?source diary study on leadership, work engagement, and job performance.Journal of Organizational Behavior. Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C., Stone, M. M. (2015). Designing and implementing cross?sector collaborations: Needed and challenging.Public Administration Review,75(5), 647-663. Da Xu, L., He, W., Li, S. (2014). Internet of things in industries: A survey.IEEE Transactions on industrial informatics,10(4), 2233-2243. Garba, A. B., Armarego, J., Murray, D., Kenworthy, W. (2015). Review of the information security and privacy challenges in Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) environments.Journal of Information privacy and security,11(1), 38-54. Groves, P., Kayyali, B., Knott, D., Kuiken, S. V. (2016). The'big data'revolution in healthcare: Accelerating value and innovation. Hoendervanger, J. G., le Noble, V., Mobach, M. P., Van Yperen, N. W. (2015). Tool development for measuring and optimizing workplace utilization in activity-based work environments.EuroFM Research Papers 2015. Hsiao, C. H., Chang, J. J., Tang, K. Y. (2016). Exploring the influential factors in continuance usage of mobile social Apps: Satisfaction, habit, and customer value perspectives.Telematics and Informatics,33(2), 342-355. Kang, S. (2014). Factors influencing intention of mobile application use.International Journal of Mobile Communications,12(4), 360-379. Kraft, D. (2017).5 Steps to Embrace Mobile Technology for Business Communication - Tweak Your Biz.Tweakyourbiz.com. Retrieved 29 January 2017, from https://tweakyourbiz.com/technology/2016/01/28/5-steps-embrace-mobile-technology-business-communication/ Lindeman, J. W., Wagner, T. E., Batchu, S. K., Rege, O. U., Mishra, A. K., Tinker, R. B. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,862,105. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Mason, C., Griffin, M., Parker, S. (2014). Transformational leadership development: Connecting psychological and behavioral change.Leadership Organization Development Journal,35(3), 174-194. Neal, D. J., Weintraub, B. J. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,918,080. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Pande, S., Gomes, N. (2015). Leveraging mobile devices for human resource information systems.International Journal of Business Information Systems,20(1), 23-40. Panepinto, J. (2017).The Productivity Payoff of Mobile Apps at Work.https://hbr.org. Retrieved 29 January 2017, from https://hbr.org/2014/11/the-productivity-payoff-of-mobile-apps-at-work Potnis, D., Regenstreif-Harms, R., Deosthali, K., Cortez, E., Allard, S. (2016). Skills and Knowledge Needed to Serve as Mobile Technology Consultants for Information Organizations.Journal of Education for Library and Information Science,57(2), 187. Reber, B. H. (2014). STRATEGIES AND TACTICS LEADERS USE TO MANAGE ISSUES.Public Relations Leaders as Sensemakers: A Global Study of Leadership in Public Relations and Communication Management, 80. Yueh, H. P., Lu, M. H., Lin, W. (2016). Employees' acceptance of mobile technology in a workplace: An empirical study using SEM and fsQCA.Journal of Business Research,69(6), 2318-2324. Yueh, H. P., Lu, M. H., Lin, W. (2016). Employees' acceptance of mobile technology in a workplace: An empirical study using SEM and fsQCA.Journal of Business Research,69(6), 2318-2324. Zhang, W., Wang, H., Pearce, C. L. (2014). Consideration for future consequences as an antecedent of transformational leadership behavior: The moderating effects of perceived dynamic work environment.The Leadership Quarterly,25(2), 329-343. Zikic, J. (2015). Skilled migrants' career capital as a source of competitive advantage: implications for strategic HRM.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(10), 1360-1381.

Jazz Concert Critique Essay Example

Jazz Concert Critique Paper On Monday, September 27, I had the pleasure of attending a performance by the Amherst Jazz Orchestra. Founded and headed by Bandleader Dave Sporny this professional big band played rare and historically big band works to some of the newest original contemporary jazz music. The Amherst Brewing Company looked small from the outside, even when I got inside there were many dining tables and a small place by the window for a fifteen piece band to fit in. Surprisingly they all fit perfectly. They took their seats and were about to start performance. Every musician was preparing his instrument very carefully; making sure it is in tune and ready to be used. The front row of the big band comprised the following instruments: one electric guitar, five saxophones. Second row had three trombones and a keyboard player (conductor). The back row consisted of four trumpets, bass player and a drummer. They opened the evening with the song called â€Å"Where’s Reg†. Everybody were playing melody when all of a sudden alto saxophone exploded in a breath taking solo, which was followed by less intense but nonetheless beautiful soprano. From the first sound you could tell that it’s going to be a nice evening. We will write a custom essay sample on Jazz Concert Critique specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jazz Concert Critique specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jazz Concert Critique specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Their live performance sounded so superb and flawless as if listening them on the CD. A strange thought cross my mind: I wondered if the immaculate play of big bands comes by countless number of rehersals that made it impossible for performers to make a mistake or that experience made an instrument a projection of the musician’s soul so that playing is as easy as thinking?! I think it’s both. It has to be. The soloist would stand up in order for the people to see who was playing it. Upright bass was doing a walk part which really highlighted the style and moved the song in especial smooth rhythm. Trombone played one more solo and drummer concluded the song by performing one of his own. What really caught my attention was that all other musicians stopped while the drums were playing. I guess you can call it a drum solo. After the song ended the conductor introduce the musicians to the audience so people would have an idea who was doing what. Before and after the songs, the conductor would take a little time to explain a bit about the song they were about to play. For the second song the bass player switched from upright to electric bass. Flute started off very slow and guitar joined them a few seconds later. Even though only some of the musicians were playing, all other musicians follows them on the charts in order for them not to lose track of where they were in the song. In my opinion guitar was the main instrument for this tune. Solo was incredible and guitar player put his heart and soul into it. When he was improvising he would close his eyes and swing back and forth showing how much he was putting into it. At the end of the song saxophone stared his solo and everybody joint in unison to finish it off. Conductor showed the sign that marked the end and music stopped. In my opinion it’s a weird place for the conductor to conduct standing in the second row. The saxophonists had to turn their heads or look right behind them in order to see what signs he was showing. Usually conductors stand at the front of the band, but lack of space at the front forced him to stand where he was. â€Å"Still crazy after all this years† was a slow melody. The song started with clarinet. I noticed that the saxophonists would switch from one instrument to another, different sax, clarinet, flute was the part of their job. Trumpets put on the mutes for smoother sound. Some musicians were young guys probably students that have reached the level to play professional stuff like this. Saxophone played a solo, then guitar and back to the saxophone solo. In my opinion three clarinets and muted trumpets in the fourth song sounded the best. It was my favorite song for the night. They started off with the bass at the beginning and slowly built up through the end of the song. Trumpet played a solo in the middle of the song with guitar accompaniment. Guitar would change chords slowly while trumpet poured his heart out. And at the end of it flute player just blew my mind away with the speed he played. The fifth song they played had an awkward beginning. The whole band started playing at the once. It sounded like the different parts of a thunder storm. And all played upbeat rhythm and catchy melody. It sounded very unique and I bet it caught people’s attention even if they didn’t come to see the band playing. You don’t hear this kind of a beginning on the radio. It was cool! When two saxophone players were soloing I noticed elements of call and respond in their play. For the last three songs conductor introduced a female vocalist that sang beautifully. The first song she sang sounded very old and reminded me a swing era of jazz music. Bass player picked up his upright bass. Every time vocalist stopped singing, trumpet played solo. â€Å"Something got a hold on me† was the last song and was really a dance like song in a boogie woogie style. Vocalist sang the beginning very slow almost with no music in the background and then it just went flying with upbeat melody. Saxophone played solo and then piano right after it, leaving that jazzy feeling in you for the rest of the night and made a lasting impression upon myself. All together it was only eight nicely done songs, but let me tell you, one and a half hour just flew by when I listened to these guys!

A Nightmare World free essay sample

They were all I could see as I stared at the lit cigarette igniting the beginning of my death. The pain of burning streaked across my foot as I rose into the air and violently stamped my feet to end the brutal agony. The conflagration rose high above the window, to give me a glimpse of the azure blue sky outside and the rest of the world that had no idea of my imminent death or the flames that would eventually destroy the whole town. The fire was almost mocking me, as it let me see only a tiny fragment of the window and the outside where I was so desperate to be. The inferno raged and made that sickening noise as it burned my possessions and swallowed them like it was about to swallow me. I realized that my only escape was to exit the room and hope that the fire had not spread. We will write a custom essay sample on A Nightmare World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In trepidation, I slowly held the door ajar and peered at the inferno outside my room. Indeed it had spread and the choking taste of smoke filled my lungs as I coughed aggressively into my duvet. I felt as if everything inside of me was slowly making its way up my neck and out of me, as I coughed once more for my life. I looked out at my beautiful garden, completely untouched by the mass destruction. The beautiful roses lay amongst the verdant grass as I inhaled the last gasp of clear air. In the distance, I saw children playing jubilantly with a football, and that clogged me up with envy. I wanted to scream at them, yet they could never hear my cries and they could never save me from the torment I was suffering from. I banged on the remaining window that had not been ruined in the wreckage, yet still my rage was not to be heard. I repeated the same words â€Å"Help† over and over again until they were permanently etched into my brain and I felt myself repeating them without meaning to. Yet still, no one heard my desperate cries and no one felt my searing pain. I looked out at my corridor and at the waves of fire that took over my sea of stairs and bookcases. I stared deeply into the flames and not only did I feel like everything I had was washed away, but my life along with it. I crept furtively down the stairs, almost waiting for another body of orange death to try and wipe me out. However, I remained strong, dodging all that crossed my path and then I saw my wonderful kitchen, killed by the cigarette I left lit. My china set of cups smashed on the floor, and my wooden table slowly blackening amidst the destruction. I sat for minutes watching everything I had slowly disintegrate at the hands of my stupidity. The pictures of all my family, that I so sadly lost contact with and who will never know that I perished. I stared at the front door, completely surrounded by flames that were stopping me from disembarking from the nightmare. I made a burst through the flames, as an attempt to save myself but I too joined the long list of things that the fire had destroyed. The pain took over my body and I attempted to scream but to no avail. I felt my life slowly turn blank and I took my last look at life on earth. My ceiling was black as hell, and ash streamed off of it, like the sweat that poured down my face , while the heat continued to diffuse around my once perfect house. I felt like I was there for an eternity as I could see the blue sky turn into a star studded, pitch black one. Suddenly, the door slammed open and the sudden jolt of red fireman outfits filled my view. Ironically, that was the last thing I saw before I closed my eyes forever. However, at least I was out of that nightmare world.

Reactivity essays

Reactivity essays Reactivity is classified as ready susceptibility to chemical change. Reactivity occurs when a metal acts in response with a substance to produce an outcome. The process of reactivity takes place to enable the atom to form a stable outer energy level. Metal atoms with outer electrons of 2 or 3 are less reactive than metal atoms of 1 outer electron with the same energy level. The reason for this fact is the more outer electrons an atom has, the more protons it contains, thus the atom has a more powerful nuclear attraction. Below is a common order of reactivity of metals: In this series of reactivity the most active metal is potassium (K) and the least active metal is silver (Ag) A displacement reaction is defined as a chemical reaction in which an elementary substance displaces and sets free a constituent element. A more active metal will displace a less active metal from a compound. A displacement reaction happens in the following way: Active Metal + Solution containing metal ions Metal + Solution containing A + B C A C + B Magnesium + Zinc Sulfate Zinc + Magnesium Sulfate A displacement reaction is demonstrated when there is a change in the colour of the solution, a black coating on the metal is evident or crystals assemble on the surface of the metal. Also if there is a pinkish layer on the metal (this only occurs in the case of copper) or if heat is created. ...

The Data Protection Act and Role of the Information Commissioner in Coursework

The Data Protection Act and Role of the Information Commissioner in this Act - Coursework Example Moving with the information that belongs to the University in a personal purse especially in a bar is another offense apart from leaving it behind in a bar since the information content which is of high value to the University would be compromised (Van, 2005). When not on official duty, it is adept to leave behind any information and materials that belong to the college. This information does not only apply to college situation but also another place of work since at one moment an individual would either lose all data due to ignorance and malice. Since ignorance has got no defense, Susan should not be proud of backing up information when she just walks with the backup files anyhow, back up should be protected and kept at the most preferred place (Bell, 2001). Processing the data outside the rights of data subject under the act is wrong. For instance, Susan processed the data for Peter to use outside the organizational act for his business purpose. This is unlawful and both Susan and Peter should face the law for infringing the sixth principle law of personal data act (Bainbridge, 2001). Susan should be penalized; she went against the seventh principle which states that organizational measures shall be taken against unauthorized processing of personal data. Hence, on admitting to pocket the  £1000, she already compromised organization’s data integrity (Miller, 2011). As the president, everyone had to blame Susan for the fault is that she was the sole authority responsible for data security and integrity within the organization. Since she breached the second principle law that governs personal data, nobody should alter the sole purpose of the data (Bell, 2001). In addition, confirming the second and third principles of data protection which Susan did not adhere to stresses on the use of personal data, which should be in a manner compatible with the purpose and reasons as to why the data was stored in the database system.

Earth Science Geology - Land Forms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Earth Science Geology - Land Forms - Essay Example These mountains compose the very complicated group of mountain ranges in US due to the wide scope they have reached in all directions (â€Å"Transverse Ranges,† 2012). The Transverse Ranges, as it is popularly known, captures Los Angeles until in San Diego and holds three major forests in California. Unlike other mountain ranges, it extends an east-west pattern, which was caused by tectonic movements of Pacific and North American plates million years ago (Roberts, n.d.). Roberts (n.d.) further indicated that as long as the San Andreas Fault finally aligns from its crooked trend, tectonic movements will be continuously felt in some areas of the mountain ranges and transformations in some areas will occur. With changes in sea levels, Transverse Ranges are expected to regain their original formation - being a set of mountains in one island. Another land formation in Southern California is Cowles Mountain locally known as â€Å"S† mountain, which rises 448 from the ground and is known as the highest peak in San Diego (McNair, 2012). Cowles Mountain was formed due to tectonic movements near San Diego which caused the convergence of two plates. It is mostly composed of granite and sedimentary cover. Its edges in the eastern part prove that they are â€Å"remnants of a wave-cut terrace† (â€Å"Cowles Mountain,† n.d.). Since it is visited by many hikers, some accessibility improvements can be expected. Nevertheless, its features will be practically preserved. This rock formation found in the west part of Point Loma Peninsula near San Diego is composed of sandstone and siltstone (Hall, 2007). Cutting across its vicinity is the Rose Canyon fault zone, which has not yet caused any movements (Moore, 1972 as cited in Girty, n.d.). Girty (n.d.) further proved that this ancient rock formation was formed from tectonic movements that occurred million years ago. Since the nearby fault remains to have no signs of tectonic movements, then Point Loma formation is expected to retain its

Creating Shared Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creating Shared Value - Essay Example The concept of shared values focuses on the societal needs and not only the conventional economic needs, but the societal needs harms and weaknesses that create the costs for the firm through the energy wasted, accidents, and raw materials. Therefore, shared value does not emphasize on personal values or sharing the values that are developed by the firm or a redistribution approach, though it is an expansion of the entire field of economic and social value. On the other hand, roots of the shared values requires that the competitiveness of a company to and the community health to be closely interrelated. Therefore, there is a need for a successful community, which does not entail the creation of demand, but provision of critical public assets. The article explains that share value can be created through establishment of economic and societal value. In fact, the process of creating share value involves three distinct ways. These efforts involve preconceiving products and markets, redefinition of efficiency in the value chain and establishing accommodating industry at the location of companies. In fact, the concept of shared value applies in resetting the boundaries of capitalism, through a connection of companies’ effort to improve the society, and developing the ways for serving their needs and markets. The article covers the roles of the entrepreneurs since their venture are not considered the only way of seeking a profitable remedy to problems in the society. Therefore, entrepreneurs have the responsibility of introducing new products that are meeting the societal needs through business models. However, there are implications of creating shared values to the government since its principles are focusing on separation that exists between the business responsibilities and government or civil society. An organization that understands the significance of productivity and creation of value can have substantial implication to the government. In

South African Show Shaka Zulu Film Studies Essay

South African Show Shaka Zulu Film Studies Essay In late 1986, the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) created a television mini-series by the name of Shaka Zulu. It would prove an instant and huge success, and by 1992 it had been seen by over 350 million viewers in South Africa and abroad (Tomaselli 1992). Best described as an historical drama, the series centred on the first recorded encounter between blacks and whites in southeast Africa, with particular focus on the interactions between an exploratory British party, led by Lieutenant Francis Farewell (Edward Fox), and the ruler of a powerful and dangerous kingdom, the legendary Shaka Zulu (Henry Cele) (Hamilton 1998, p.171). In brief, the narrative follows Farewells band of men (including the storys narrator, Henry Francis Fynn) as they head to Zululand to dissuade Shaka from an attack on the Cape Colony. They are shipwrecked, captured by the Zulus, and come to learn about how Shakas kingdom was built. Within this structure, Fynns diary is used as a mechanism for a se ries of flashbacks which tell Shakas life story: his conception and birth (he is illegitimate), his life as an outcast, and his rise to power (Hamilton 1998). It is a violent portrayal Shaka is shown to be destined to rule through brutality (Fynn records that Shakas mother gave birth to a nation of blood-stained spears) (Faure 1986) and spends most of his time angrily taking revenge on those who have wronged him (Tomaselli 1992). Eventually, with the death of his mother, Nandi (Dudu Mkhize), Shaka is struck by a violent grief and the series ends with the Zulu kingdom in flames (Hamilton 1998, p.172). Farewell and company prove unable to save Shaka from himself, and the Zulu nation falls into chaos. Before conducting an analysis of the television series itself, it is worth examining how Shaka was remembered in Zulu culture long before the show was even commissioned. Like all history, there is no single voice in Zulu oral accounts of Shakas rule. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, different Zulu interests drew on different Shakas to support their actions in a changing world (Hamilton 1992, p.62). Thus, accounts differ significantly about key episodes in his life and fundamentally in their evaluation of the Zulu king and the Zulu memory of Shaka has not always been unanimously favourable towards him (Hamilton 1998, p.53). Having said this, Hallencreutz (1989, p.73) argues that we can roughly view the appreciative, complimentary izibongo (praise singers) as the core of the established Zulu tradition, and the more critical oral accounts as belonging to other related ethnic groups. And the fact that the legacy of the Shaka izibongo has tended to persist in situations of politica l crisis seems to support this claim. Thus the myth of Shaka, as he is remembered by Zulu oral historians, is probably best captured by those who pursue the izibongo tradition to some extent. I would suggest that the memory of Shaka is, for the most part, exemplified by poets such as Mazisi Kunene (1979 cited Hallencreutz 1989, p.75) who ends his commemoration of Shaka (based on Zulu oral accounts) as follows: He is an Ancestral Spirit; he cannot be stabbed. Even now they sing his song. They call his name. They dance in the arena listening to the echoes of his epics Till the end of time-they shall sing of him. Till the end of time his shield shall shelter the hero from the winds And his children shall rise like locusts. They shall scatter the dust of our enemies, They shall make our earth free for the Palm Race. Thus, while it is important to note that Zulu accounts of Shaka can and do differ greatly from hailing him as a benevolent leader to decrying him as a violent killer it is evident that they tend to fundamentally acknowledge that Shaka was an extraordinary man (Cele 2001, p.119). Various factors, including a perpetual need to describe the achievements of a leader who stood up to white expansion (especially considering South Africas particular history), have resulted in Shakas uniqueness and extraordinariness being prominent features in almost all Zulu oral histories (Cele 2001, p.121). While not unanimously favourable towards him, Zulu oral histories about Shaka would never portray him as being dependent on or subservient to the white man. As I am arguing that Shaka Zulu demonstrates how myth can be stripped down and re-imagined, it is also necessary for the purposes of this essay, to illustrate how and why Shakas story in Zulu oral history falls under the broad banner of myth (as used in the scholarly sense). Obviously, the definition of myth is a contested one. Nevertheless, I would argue that the Shaka legend, as remembered in Zulu culture, is mythic in almost every sense of the word. For instance, Mircea Eliade (cited Segal 2004, p.60) suggests that the mere ritualistic recitation of the highpoints in a characters biography (as demonstrated by the Zulu izibongo) posits that characters life as myth. The simple act of creating an oral biography for a famous historical figure like Shaka can transform them into near-gods and their sagas into myths (Eliade cited Segal 2004, p.53). Certainly, the Shaka story seems to comply with Levi-Strauss assertion that it is almost a prerequisite of myth that it starts out as an oral tradition (Leach 1974, p.56). In recording Shakas life in oral form, historical truths are transfigured, resulting in a new reality with a highly mythic character as chief protagonist (Mersham 1993). Hence, by the time the Shaka Zulu television show was commissioned in 1986, Zulu culture had already transfigured Shakas history into something quite mythic. Various elements of the Shaka story also closely resemble many of the telltale characteristics of myth as defined by theorists. For instance, Segal (2004, p.5) states that it is a prerequisite of myths that the main figures be personalities divine, human, or even animal. Shaka certainly fits this bill, as his presence tends to dominate Zulu folklore, where he is positioned somewhere in between divine and human (and he was even hailed as the great elephant by his praise singers) (Kunene 1979, p.13). Both Mersham (1993) and Cele (2001) go so far as to suggest that the man was (and is) for some Zulus a black Jesus Christ a symbol of deliverance from outside oppressors. Shakas story also evidences such highly mythic themes such as fratricide (Shaka was assassinated by his half brothers, Dingane and Mhlangana). This underrating of blood relations is a key feature of myth in Levi-Strauss terms (Leach 1974, p.76). Otto Rank (cited Segal 2004, p.96), in The Myth of the Birth of the Hero, s uggests that dislike of two brothers for each other is often traceable to the competition for the tender devotion and love of the mother. While this isnt necessarily the case with Shakas story, his love for his mother, Nandi, is well-documented (and is a key element in the Shaka myth). Shakas life, as it is remembered in Zulu culture, essentially is, by Northrop Fryes definition (cited Segal 2004, 81), a quest-myth it is the myth of the life of the hero. His life story conforms closely to Fryes four stages of birth, triumph, isolation, and the heros defeat. As Rank (cited Segal 2004, p.96) states, the mythological hero is heroic and triumphant because he rises from [relative] obscurity to, typically, the throne. And usually, like Shaka, he is a victim of Fate. Further, the Shaka narrative is mythic in the way it operates within the community which invests in it. Wylie (1997) argues that Shakas life story has achieved the status of myth, simply by virtue of the fact that it has garnered an authority of its own which is unthinkingly followed and repeated despite historical changes or the surfacing of contrary evidence. In being simplified and made innocent to its receivers, history has become myth, and myth is given a natural and eternal justification (Barthes 1993, p.143). Mythic history is above questioning and bereft of factual detail. It is not so much an explanation of events as it is a statement of fact (Barthes 1993, p.143). This is a key hallmark of myth, allowing it to function as it does in modern society. Myth, says Levi-Strauss (cited Leach 1974, p.59) is powerful in that novices of the society who hear the myths for the first time are being indoctrinated by the bearers of the tradition a tradition, which in theory at any rate, has been handed down from long dead ancestors. Through the recitation of this tradition and the passing of time, says Barthes (1993, p.142), things lose the memory that they were once made. In the case of the Shaka myth, this untouchability of a mythic characters life story has had very real social and political ramifications (as will be discussed later). Finally, I would suggest that myths that are successful in modern-day societies almost always go some way to explaining and commemorating the founding of that society. The Shaka myth both in its original form and as it is recreated for the television show is a classic embodiment of the myth of a founding community an origin (Tomaselli Shepperson 2002, p.132). It is typically mythic in that it explains how one state of affairs became another: how a plurality of tribes became a nation (and the rendition of the myth in the television series ultimately served to legitimate KwaZulus leaders rights to rule in 1986)(Mersham 1993). The man who played the central part in the establishment of the nation is the main figure. The cult of Shaka is mythological in that it honours his role in the establishment of the Zulu nation (Segal 2004, p.59). But where the myth described by Zulu oral historians focuses on the creation of the nation under Shaka, the television show emphasises an equally myt hic but quite different side to the kings rule: his downfall. The myth as depicted in Shaka Zulu closely matches the native American myths that so intrigued Levi-Strauss myths where: The entire story aims at explaining why after their first beginning, a given clan or lineage or group of lineages have overcome a great many ordeals, known periods of success and periods of failures, and have been progressively led towards a disastrous ending. It is an extremely pessimistic story, really the history of a downfall. (Levi-Strauss 1989, p.38) I will argue that the filmmakers (and their SABC backers) adopted this approach to the myth as a means of warning against violence in the pursuit of power (Tomaselli Shepperson 2002, p.132). Thus, a highly mythic story element was used to serve a very real function. A new myth, with a very different message, was manufactured to replace the old. How filmmakers able make myth It should now be evident how the Shaka myth developed and endured in Zulu oral histories. However, I will argue further that the creators of the Shaka Zulu television show essentially took this and recreated their own, new mythology to suit their own purposes. According to Barthes (1982 cited Wylie 1997), myth is an empty parasitical form, enabling it to be reformulated and reconstituted in various incarnations. While initially based in history, it is necessarily incomplete, accepted as truth but effectively divorced from the contingency of events (Wylie 1997). Thus, the line between history and mythology and I would argue, an original mythology and reinvented mythology as in the series is effectively blurred. Thus, there is room for new mythologies to effectively be invented which claim to be based on the same historical truths which inspired the original narratives. As Levi-Strauss (1989, p.38) asks, where does mythology end and where does history start?. The simple opposition be tween mythology and history which has traditionally been treated as a given is not at all a clear-cut one (Levi-Strauss 1989, p.40), and space is made for new mythologies to be created on essentially the same histories. In short, the creators of Shaka Zulu created a new mythology based on an old mythology originally linked to an almost two-hundred year old history. Hence, I argue that the Shaka Zulu television series adapted the Shaka Zulu myth for western eyes. For instance, grotesque witchdoctors were included in the show to serve the narrative function of magical creatures who aid or threaten the heros quest (Parks 1982 cited in Tomaselli 1992). While historically inaccurate and politically dubious, magical elements are included for television as they are integral to the western mythical formula (Tomaselli 1992). Tomaselli (1992) goes so far as to suggest that the very fact that television is a Western form of expression doomed Shaka Zulu to being a white, Western interpretation of the myth from the start. I would not necessarily go that far, but I would maintain that series was, either consciously or unconsciously, fashioned to conform to western notions of myth. Like the witchdoctors, the white crews sea voyage into a mysterious and dangerous land in Part One of the series hearkens back to some of the oldest myths in western culture. Likew ise, the television show is laden with western notions of prophecy. Shakas rise to power is explained almost entirely in terms of the witchdoctor, Sitayis prophecy. Before the party leave for Zululand, Fynn talks of a prophetic child who it is said will bring with him an era in which the name amaZulu will signify terror and death. (Faure 1986). Similarly, with his birth, the narration talks of how the prophecy was about to begin its determined path (Faure 1986). The links with other canonical western myths such as that of Oedipus are self-evident. Thus, Shaka Zulu, in its efforts to subscribe to the conventions of the mythic form familiar to western audiences, deviates notably from the mythology evidenced in Zulu oral accounts. Where Zulu mythologies about Shaka tended to cut through the bizarre to the essence of depictions, Shaka Zulu was obsessed with the surreal (Tomaselli 1992). The inevitable result was an othering of the Zulu people in a show almost unrecognisable alongside th e history it professed to present. Actual analysis show Content There can be little doubt that much of the shows actual content is, at best, dubious in its portrayal of the Zulu people and the history of Shakas rule. The Zulus portrayed are a bizarre and violent people (Tomaselli 1992). The first scenes in which Zululand are shown are typified by bloody warfare and crying infants. In fact, when we first encounter Shakas kingdom in Part One of the series, we do so through the eyes of the bewildered white party surrounded by sweating masses speaking a strange language, mysterious drum beats and an almost constant procession of war parties running around for no apparent reason (Faure 1986). Certainly, little effort has been made by the filmmakers to portray the everyday, mundane life of the Zulu people the emphasis is almost wholly on public, frequently violent rituals (Tomaselli 1992). The act of making the Other a spectacle is principal characteristic of western, bourgeois myth, says Barthes (1993, p.152), and this is process is patent in Shaka Zulu. Like his subjects, Shaka is also othered as a barbarian megalomaniac with an obsessive desire for revenge (Mersham 1993). Failure to please him carries the penalty of him killing every member of the party (Faure 1986). And, like all the Zulus, he is dictated to by superstition and ritual Have the armies assembled by the next full moon is one of the first commands we hear (Faure 1986). And perhaps the most startling subversion of history and myth comes in the form of the shows witchdoctors. What in truth were perfectly ordinary natural healers are depicted as superhuman, grotesque individuals (Tomaselli Shepperson 2002, p.135). Scary and monsterish, their arrival in a scene is almost always accompanied by thunder and lightning and rain (Tomaselli Shepperson 2002, p.135). In truth, these izangoma were welcomed as an integral part of the community a far cry from the creatures with glowing eyes that command packs of hyenas and maintain dens of dwarfs (Hamilton 1998, p.179). Th us, Zulu ritual is presented as being disgusting and frightening. (Hamilton 1998, p.179). Tomaselli and Shepperson (2002, p.135) argue that such a typical white misinterpretation of Zulu cultural practice is legitimised by the show positing itself as a mythology not, I would argue, a mythology familiar to Zulu history, but one that has been manufactured by white producers for audiences in 1986. It is a typically white version of a native myth (as evidenced by an almost Pocahontas-like scene of Nandi as a young Zulu maiden being watched as she washes at a misty waterfall) (Faure 1986). It is a myth reconfigured to make a modern-day impact. Style The series is also notable for the clear stylistic decisions on how it was shot. There is a very obvious distinction made between those shots that depict the Zulu nation and those featuring the whites in the Cape Colony. The tribal Zulu scenes are largely shot through a sepia filter, with an over-emphasis on yellows, browns and bloody reds. The only deviation from this formula comes during the night-time scenes chilling blue, rife with thunder and lightning, and loaded with imagery of sorcery, magic and the supernatural (Tomaselli Shepperson 2002, p.134). Tomaselli and Shepperson (2002, p.134) argue that ethnographic detail is deliberately obscured by the hazy sepia lighting, the clouds of smoke made by fog machines and the mass of shiny, sweaty (oiled) black skins. The end product is a smudge of objects and people, depicted as an incomprehensible writhing, pulsating and faceless dark mass as they dart about the landscape in a storm of dust. (Tomaselli Shepperson 2002, p.134). Aga in, I would argue there is something quite mythic about this hazy, blurry portrayal of a people. This is in stark contrast to the shots of white people in the Cape Colony, which are whiter, truer and do not contain the clashes between hot and chilling colours (Tom Shepperson, p.134). Thus, the binary oppositions that Levi-Strauss argues are so integral to myth are blatant: white vs black; light vs darkness; civilisation vs barbarity; rationality vs magic; normal behaviour vs ritual; peace vs war and order vs chaos (Tomaselli Shepperson 2002, p.134). Again, conscious decisions from the filmmakers have resulted in a new, subverted mythology. And I would argue that this essentially racist version of Shakas story professes to audiences to be the canonical version of the myth. Intentions etc Like all stories, re-imagined mythologies such as that on show in Shaka Zulu are clouded by the conventions of narrative in terms of prevailing worldviews (Tomaselli 1992). In other words, the creators of Shaka Zulu were dictated to in their mythmaking by the established ideologies of the time. The show is, thus, inextricably linked to the socio-political situation in South Africa at the time of its creation (Tomaselli 1992). Further, any author cannot help but impart something of his or her worldview on audiences when broadcasting a creation to the public domain. As van Jaarsveld (cited Mersham 1993) argues, as soon as an author (in this case, director William C Faure) presents an interpretation of the past, they are putting forward an arsenal of arguments for formulating decisions about the future. Thus, it was not by accident that the Shaka myth (and message) presented on screen differed so greatly from that recounted by Zulu oral historians. Director William C Faures stated intentions for the series were explicit: to bring the story of Shaka Zulu home to the Zulu people (Faure 1986). He is quoted (cited Tomaselli 1992) as saying: Shakas life was originally recorded by white historians who imposed upon their accounts bigoted and sensationalist values often labelling the Zulus as savage and barbaric. It is our intention with this series to change that view. However, as Barthes posits, all myths are founded on a concealment of some meanings and the interested promotion of others (Rylance 1994, p.47) and there was more motivating Faure than just the desire to right historical wrongs. He also hoped that show would shed light on South Africa, correct misconceptions and change the system (Hamilton 1992, p.181). It appears to have been his deepest wish that the show would balance international perceptions about the conflict in 1980s South Africa, and thus whatever intentions he had to redress the injustices of history became distorted by his commitment to this objective (Tomaselli Shepperson 2002, p.131). Thus, Tomaselli and Shepperson (2002, p.133) argue that Faures project was couched, perhaps unintentionally, within apartheid discourse, and does no justice to either Shaka or history. This is just further evidence that mythology as a story form is manufactured to suit prevailing worldviews. From the off, Faures creation was fraught with apparent political interference. The series writer, Joshua Sinclair, removed himself from the production when he was made aware of the directors links with South African Military Intelligence (Blignaut cited Tomaselli 1992). Faure was also convinced out of using Zulu poet, Mazisi Kunenes epic Emperor Shaka the Great as source material, as it was deemed to be overly critical of white people and because Kunene was an exiled member of the African National Congress (ANC) (Tomaselli Shepperson 2002, p.130). However, the relationship between the filmmaker and the SABC (and the state) was by no means a straightforward one. Faure liaised equally closely with not only the Zulu royal family (inviting the Zulu prince Gideon onto set as a cultural advisor) but also the Zulu government (Tomaselli 1992). Yet even with these efforts to seek Zulu approval, we shall see that the level of state involvement was tangible. The key to Shaka Zulus unique succ ess was in that it was able to establish a myth that was acceptable to both those who already had their own version of Shakas story and those largely unfamiliar with it. The apartheid government saw Shaka Zulu as an opportunity to reformulate the myth in a way that would more closely suit their plans. Initially a powerful tale of a hero resisting white oppression, the myth was transformed into something quite different. At the time of Shaka Zulus release, South Africa was in a state of violent political turmoil. The apartheid regime was fast coming around to the idea that solutions to the violence in South African society had to be found. Thus, Faures proposed television series offered the state and the SABC a key opportunity to present all South Africans with a drama advocating interracial collaboration and portraying the dangers of its failure (Hamilton 1998, p.181). As Barthes (1993, p.156) states, mythology harmonises with the world, not as it is, but as it wants to create itself. The mythology of Shaka Zulu was, in effect, a reflection of how the government thought South Africa should be. Shaka Zulu represented an opportunity for the government to promote a resolution based on order (apparently best reflected by the capitalist Inkatha Freedom Party) over disorder (basically, the socialist ANC freedom fighters) (Tomaselli 1992). To the apartheid government, order implied keeping nations separate according to tribal homeland, and Tomaselli (1992) argues that the series insistence on manufacturing a dichotomy between savagery and civilisation only served to endorse apartheid discourse that black people should be allowed to develop in their own way in their own areas. The government also needed cooperative, authoritarian black leaders to implement their visions of peaceful segregation. Someone, says Hamilton (1998, p.184) like Shaka Zulu. The closest match was the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) leader, Mangosuthu Buthelezi, whose links with Zulu royalty made him and his fellow party leaders the shows perfect target audience. Shaka Zulu effectively acted as a means for the government to communicate its reformist visions to Buthelezi and his leadership. For instance, the chaos of the Zulu kingdom portrayed in the final episode after Shakas rejection of white interaction came as a stern warning to black politicians such as Buthelezi of the consequences of trying to go it alone (Hamilton 1998, p.184) (as an interesting aside, it is worth noting how this all fits into Levi-Strauss insistence that the chief moral implication of myth is that self-interest is the source of all evil) (cited Leach 1974, p.81). Refusal to cooperate with the apartheid state (just like Shakas refusal to establish a truce with the Cape Colony in the show) would only result in flames and chaos will prevail (Hamilton cited Tomaselli Shepperson 2002, p.32). Again the myth of the downfall on screen was used to warn against risking the Zulu nations downfall in the real, physical world. The message behind the new myth was clear. The project was not without its critics. The production was universally rejected by anti-apartheid who were fighting for non-racial democracy. Most white anti-apartheid historians were appalled by the series historical inaccuracies (Tomaselli 1992). Wright (cited Mersham 1993) slated the show for pandering to a whole range of colonial and racist stereotypes about the Zulus a people reduced to singing, dancing, fighting. Hamilton states that the multitude of Unzulu untraditional features had many critics baffled as to how the series gained royal approval (Hamilton 1998, p.185). Also, while the series did show Shaka to be a leader of calibre and talent, Hamilton (1998) argues that it was guilty of repeating older stereotypes of his psychological imbalances and bloodthirstiness. Mazisi Kunene (cited Tomaselli 1992) lambasted the series as a rotten a propaganda tool aimed at aimed at projecting the Zulu people and their king as bloodthirsty savages and whites as their saviours. Yet for all the shows obvious failings, the show was an immense success evidence, in my opinion, of the power of the mythic form. Uses Curiously, the Shaka Zulu myth would prove to be as acceptable to the Zulu leadership as it was to the forces that influenced its creation. This has a lot to do with the anxieties within Zulu society at the time of the shows release. Ernst Cassirer wrote in The Myth of the State (1946 cited Segal 2004, p.39) that myth resurfaces as a means of explanation when the rational forces that resist the rise of the old mythical conceptions are no longer sure of themselves. In these moments, he says, the time for myth has come again (1946 cited Segal 2004, p.39). Late apartheid South Africa was such a time. Myth is dangerous in that it is a social-psychological paradigm catering for a particular anxiety in society, yet still as in the case of Shaka Zulu presents itself as something born out of historical truths (Wylie 1997). Thus, myth tends to give a natural justification to the worldviews it supports (Barthes 1993, p.142). Historical veracity becomes far less important than the ways in whi ch the myth is appropriated and utilised. As Barthes (1993, p.144) states: Men do not have with myth a relationship based on truth but on use. For Buthelezi and the IFP, the truthfulness of the myth was far less important than the socio-political purposes it could serve. The white version of the Shaka Zulu myth arrived on South African television screens at a time of great political strife in the Zulu homeland of KwaZulu. Buthelezis Inkatha Freedom Party was involved in a bloody conflict with the African National Congress for legitimate rule. Where the ANC sought multi-party democracy, the IFP stood for Zulu independence, and thus Shaka Zulus emphasis on ethnicity and equating it with nationhood proved to be more than acceptable fillip to Buthelezi (Tomaselli Shepperson 2002, p.133). Mangosuthu Buthelezi was very conscious of the power of the Shaka myth. At political rallies, the IFP leader would be seen wearing the same kind of Zulu royal regalia that Shaka is shown to wear in the series (Tomaselli 1992). In fact, the wearing of traditional, ceremonial skin garments became a marker of Zuluness for IFP politicians (causing many anti-IFP Zulu-speakers to take offence to the notion that they should become postcard Zulus) (Klopper 1996, p.55). Thus, I argue that it is no contradiction that Shaka Zulu could simultaneously portray the Zulu people as backward, uncivilised and tribal and be a vehicle for legitimating the IFP leadership (Mersham 1993). Tribalism helped the IFPs cause. Further, Buthelezi would explicitly compare himself with the Zulu royalty of Shakas time throughout the 1980s as a means of gaining political credibility with the Zulu people. Thus, the fact that the Shaka Zulu myth was so fresh in the Zulu consciousness with the shows broadcast, became a means for the IFP to bestow its leadership with legitimate authority (Tomaselli 1992). Like Shaka once did, Buthelezi now became the man who would lead his nation against its colonial oppressors (Tomaselli 1992). Tomaselli (1992) even argues that Inkathas militia wing was mobilised as a reincarnation of Shakas impi (military), as a means of inspiring popular support for their (frequently violent) cause. Within the Zulu community, Buthelezis cause was strengthened by Ink athas close identification with the loyalty, discipline and bowing and scraping for Shaka shown in the show (Mersham 1993). Obedience to the leader in the TV series myth was shown to be an innate aspect of Zulu culture questioning Buthelezi was implied to be unZulu. Despite its flaws both in terms of historical accuracy and prejudiced portrayals the Shaka Zulu myth was lauded by the Inkatha leadership as being faithful to their king, and a positive mobilising force for Zulu nationalism (Tomaselli 1992). Thus the Shaka Zulu show became a mechanism for the IFP to portray itself as inheritor and protector of the historical pride of the Zulu nation (Tomaselli 1992). The unsavoury aspects of the shows portrayal of the Zulu people and the downfall of Shaka were superfluous. The myth of a great Zulu leader standing up to outside oppression and the implied suggestion that a new leader had it in him to do likewise were all that mattered. Buthelezi was happy to ride on the dramatic success of the series, even if a perceived concession of the series objectionable features was the price to pay. (Hamilton 1998, p.186). GET OWN WORDS What I have tried to show is that in certain viewing contexts, Shaka Zulu offered a legitimacy for both ruling government and anti-apartheid elements (eg. the Kwa Zulu legislature and Inkatha). Barthes, R., 1993. Mythologies. London: Vintage. Cele, TT., 2001. Qualities of King Shaka as Portrayed in Zulu Oral Testimony and in Izibongo. South African Journal of African Languages, 2, 118-131. Fernandez, JW., 1967. The Shaka Complex. Transition, 29, 11-14. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2934231 [Accessed 8 January 2010] Hallencreutz, CF., 1989. Tradition and Theology in Mofolos Chaka. Journal of Religion in Africa, 19 (1), 71-85. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1581183 [Accessed 8 January 2010] Hamilton, C., 1998. Terrific Majesty: The Powers of Shaka Zulu and the Limits of Historical Invention. Cape Town: David Philip Publishers. Hamilton, C., 1992. The Character and Objects of Chaka: A Reconsideration of the Making of Shaka as Mfecane Motor. The Journal of African History, 33 (1), 37-63. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/182274 [Accessed 15 December 2009] Harries, P. 1993. Imagery, Symbolism and Tradition in a South African Bantustan: Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Inkatha, and Zulu History. History and Theory, 32 (4), 105-125. Available f

Beauty essay Not Finished

By establishing unattainable standards of beauty and bodily perfection, the media drive ordain rye people to dissatisfaction with their body images. This dissatisfaction can result in resort s to drastic measures, and even disorders of behavior, as people try to achieve these unreachable g oils. While most people assume it is only women who are affected by this, the fact is that of the estimated 8 million Americans who suffer from eating disorders, one in et n is male.While for women the anxiety centers around magazines, for men, they see the images of ultramarine action heroes and that may be affecting the body image ideals of young boys. The shape of the action figures' bodies had changed enormously over the decades. The action figures of the twenties century sport much bigger shoulders and upper bodies than those of the asses and asses. One study revealed that college age men wanted to add an average of 30 lbs. Of muscle to their bodies because they felt it would make them more at tractive.Even thou GHz to most of those men, that goal is unreachable for their body type. For both women and men, t he more they look at unrealistic portrayals Of the human body, the lower their self esteem and the I rower their self 2 Christiansen esteem, the higher their chances of developing an eating disorder, depression , anxiety or other mental illnesses. Today's young girls are bombarded by overly thin body image sees increasing their anxiety over living up to the â€Å"ideal† body image. An Australian study found that t both sexes had similar body satisfaction levels until age thirteen.After this age, the satisfaction n rate of both sexes drops. By the time they are nineteen, males begin to feel more satisfied again, eventually surpassing their earlier adolescent score. Females, while improving, never gag in reach the distraction level they had as children. Can this all be blamed on the media? A after all, it is likely that most young Women have natural, reasonable f ears about adulthood, esp. Cecilia issues such as childbirth and aging. Does anyone really fear aging because most models are young, or do people fear it because aging leads to infirmity?The â€Å"ideal† image portrayed for a woman's body is elongated and slender, wit h large breasts. Men are considered attractive when they are tall and muscular, with argue shoulders and a narrow waist. The problem of body image and the media is not restricted in N Roth America. One duty, conducted with 1 00 Australian girls aged nine through twelve, revealed that 49 percent wanted to be thinner, even though 85 percent of the girls who participated in the study were classified as being a healthy weight. So even girls who were perfectly healthy, still wanted to be thinner.When young girls want to be skinny more than they want to be health why, this should be a huge wakeup call for the world. However this has been going on for a while, a ND it still seems that there are significant changes in t he media and the world. Parents need to recur agonize their responsibility to serve as role models. In a ‘Glamour† magazine survey only 1 3 percent of 33,000 girls responded that their mothers were satisfied with their bodies. In addition n, many parents are allowing their extortionately daughters to get breast implants instead of coo ensiling or therapy to 3 Christiansen address self esteem issues.Unfortunately, positive parental comments often are disregarded while negative remarks can be intensely internalized. While this may have terrible e effects on a teenager's body image, but it can hardly be blamed on the media. Did you know that 95% of people who diet instead of following a healthy meal Lana will gain back the weight they lose in between one and five years. 73% of teenage girls who abuse diet pills and 79% of teenage girls who sulfured frequently read women's fitness and he lath magazines. /10 of girls who are high school juniors and seniors diet while on y 1/1 0 of high school girls are overweight. The twentieth century is when thinness has become me ideal. It most likely comes from woman competing with men for jobs. Either thinner women were seen as more masculine, and therefore better sued for muscularly jobs, or it might have bee n a backlash driven y men in the fashion industry to force women to refocus on their looks at the e expense oftener careers. Regardless, either scenario is denigrating. Despite these stereotypes, many larger women have become very highly successful.The majority of runway model meet the Body Mass Index (IBM) criteria to be c noninsured anorexic. At 5'7 and 95 lbs. Kate Moss is 30% below her ideal weight. Based on their theoretical boatyard percentages, most mannequins would cease to menstruate if they we re real women. Many actors and musicians have admitted to struggling with eating disorders including Deem Lavabo, Katie Court, Lady Gaga, Kate Backline's and Kelly Clarion. In Allure magazine model and actress Elizabeth Hurley stated, â€Å"I've always thought Marilyn Monroe look De fabulous, but I'd kill myself if was that fat. Some companies have made efforts to promote less unrealistic body images. Omega in the United Kingdom refused to run advertisements in â€Å"Vogue† magazine because the models appeared anorexic. Brazil has tried setting body mass mind ex (IBM) minimums 4 Christiansen for their models. Quebec magazine â€Å"Coup De Pouch† includes full size women , while â€Å"Chatelaine† o longer touches up photos and employs models only over the age of twenty five. Yet a certain amount of healthy criticism is still required.Dove has received a lot of favor blew press for their campaign to assign the â€Å"real† beauty moniker to wider ranges of women, but I including the word selfsame in their ads does not necessarily promote it. After all, they're still a appealingly consumers to buy their personal care products. Actresses Cameron Ditz, Julia Roberts and the singer Diana Ross meet the BMW I criteria for anorexia. When â€Å"New Women† magazine featured a filigreed model on t heir cover, readers overwhelmingly responded positively. Advertisers immediately threatened to pull their business, and benthic models were reinserted.After all, they couldn't sell products to consumers who are satisfied with their looks. Although it is true, it just goes to show you that co nannies don't truly care if the products works for you, they only need your money. It is important to remember the unreal ways women are shown in the media. This can help you to accept yourself and feel better about your body. One out Of 10 gig rolls and women develops disordered eating behaviors such as anorexia, or bulimia. These did ceases can have serious longer health consequences on women's health, leading, in some c asses to death.

My Marriage Proposal

As many American girls, I have grown up dreaming of my wedding day. I pictured myself in a stunning, white gown, standing next to someone who resembled the black Ken doll, the male Barbie. I would vision a crowd of friends and family that were there to see me enter into a never ending fairytale. For some reason, I always left the most important part out. Which is, having the man that God created just for me ask me to marry him. I experienced a life defining moment on January 15, 2004. That was the day that Demetrius, also known as the most perfect man in the world, asked me to marry him. The weather that day was so nice, the sun was shining, and the air was fresh and crisp. We decided to take a walk in the park to admire the scenery. I did notice that Demetrius’s smile was a little wider than normal, and I assumed he was up to something. I had no idea of what he was about to do. When he asked if we could sit on the bench so he could give me a foot massage, I was positive that something was about to happen. I went along with him, anxious to see what he had in store. About twenty minutes passed before he casually asked â€Å"where do you see us in five years? † As I thought of the answer to that question, he stared right into my eyes. I answered, â€Å"Happy no matter where just happy. That’s when he gave me a soft kiss on the lips and dropped to one knee. I closed my eyes and thought wow, is this really happing. I was in shock. When I opened my eyes to look at Demetrius, he had pulled the ring out of his pocket and pushed it towards me. Alisha, will you marry me? † he asked. He anxiously waited for an answer while I sat there speechless. He finally interrupted the chaos that was going through my mind by saying, â€Å"Well? † I stumbled across the words, â€Å"Of course. † That was such a great day. I knew, without a doubt, that this was the man that I am supposed to marry. This is the man that I will grow with, spiritually, emotionally, and physically. I praise God for sending such a wonderful person into my life.

GALLO Surname Meaning and Family History

GALLO Surname Meaning and Family History The popular Italian surname Gallo has several possible origins. From the Latin  gallus, meaning cock, rooster, Gallo was often bestowed as a nickname for a proud person, especially one with a cocky or vain attitude. It may also have been used to describe someone with other attributes commonly attributed to a rooster, such as a loud voice, snappy dress, or sexual prowess. Gallo may also have originated as a name for someone from France or Gaul (Latin Gallus), or as a habitational name from any of several places named Gallo, especially common in southern Italy. The most prominent example is Gallo Matese in the Italian province of Caserta. Alternate Surname Spellings:  GALLI, GALLETTI, GALLINI, GALLONI, GALLONE, GALLUCCI, GALLELLI, GALLACCIOSurname Origin:  Italian, Spanish, Greek Famous People With the Last Name Gallo Ernest and Julio Gallo- brothers who built a company that at one time owned nearly half the vineyard acreage in CaliforniaJoey Gallo- New York City mobsterUlrich Galli- Swiss leader of the famous Bauernkreig Rebellion (Peasants Revolt) of 1623Robert Gallo- American biomedical researcher best known for  his role in the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the infectious agent responsible for AIDSAgostino Gallo- 16th century  Italian agronomist Where Is the Gallo Surname Most Common? The Gallo surname, according to surname distribution information from  Forebears, is primarily found in Italy, where it ranks as the 13th most common surname. It is also somewhat common in Monaco (97th), Argentina (116th) and Uruguay (142nd). WorldNames PublicProfiler  also supports the popularity of the Gallo surname in Italy, particularly in the Calabria, Campania and Piemonte regions. After Italy, the name is most common in Argentina, especially in the Gran Chaco region. Genealogy Resources Meanings of Common Italian Surnames: Uncover the meaning of your Italian last name with this free guide to Italian surname meanings and origins for the most common Italian surnames.Spanish Surname Meanings and Origins: Learn the naming patterns used for Hispanic surnames, as well as the meanings and origins of 50 of the most common Spanish surnames.Gallo Family Crest - Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Gallo family crest or coat of arms for the Gallo surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.Gallo World Family Foundation: This foundations  primary mission is to conserve and promote the heritage and culture of the  Gallo  family throughout the worldGALLO Family Genealogy Forum: This free message board is focused on descendants of Gallo ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Gallo ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.   FamilySearch - GALLO Genealogy: Explore over 460,000 results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Gallo surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.GeneaNet - Gallo Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Gallo surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Gallo Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Gallo surname from the website of Genealogy Today.Ancestry.com: Gallo Surname: Explore over 550,000 digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Gallo surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com Resources and Further Reading Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Comparison Between Antony and Brutus

Comparison Between Antony and Brutus Julius Caesar is one of Shakespeare's greatest works. It is about a group of conspirators who kill their king, Julius Caesar, in order to be "free." Antony, who found no logic in the assassination, felt that he should avenge Julius's death. He delivered a speech that convinced the Romans that the murder was unjust, invoking their rebellion. Brutus, leader of the conspiracy, gave a good address, but the Romans didn't react to it as much as they did for Antony's. A battle erupted, and most of the conspirators committed suicide. The styles of the two speeches were very different from each other.Brutus was first to speak. He approached the podium with his hands dripping in Caesar's blood. Brutus began by stating his case for killing Caesar. The crowd was confused and curious as to the reason for his death. Brutus' justification was not based on a hatred of Caesar, but because he "loved Rome" (he would rather see Caesar dead than his own country).Bust of Julius Caesar from the British Mus eumSpecifically, he says, "Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more." (Act III, Scene ii, 21-22)This quote proves and summarizes the point in Brutus' speech. To achieve his goals, Brutus' oratory techniques were simple, logical, and rational. His speech was formal, controlled, and it seems that all of the sentences are perfectly balanced. Although he did a very good job at explaining to the confused crowd that murdering Caesar was for the good of Rome, he hadn't won them over completely. Brutus explained yet again that he loved Caesar, but that his assassination was for the good of Rome. "As Caesar loved me, I weep for him." (Act III, Scene ii, 25-26). Brutus explained that he still cared for Caesar and he still also claimed that Caesar...

Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Science - Essay Example eaning and inference that the researchers draw upon can be easily verified, computed, and weighed as a function of how greatly they relate back to the concepts that the author(s) is attempting to get across to the reader. In this way, this particular student has chosen the following paper to analyze as a function of how well the scientific and mathematical information related within it help to reinforce or weaken the arguments that the authors make: â€Å"Neurotoxicity of Penicillium crustosum secondary metabolites: Tremorgenic activity of orally administered penitrem A and thomitrem A and E in mice†. For purposes of analysis, one can quickly infer that the authors of this particular article have performed due diligence with reference to the use of mathematics and scientific research as a means to prove their point. Firstly, the introduction relates to the reader/researcher that the authors are highly familiar with the area of focus and the preceding literature and studies which have been performed. In this way, the authors are able to draw a firm line of understanding and scientific advancement based upon the research that has preceded this particular study. Although this is a nice touch to note, it should be further noted that the authors rely heavily on the results of three specific studies to set the background for their analysis. As such, the rigor of the study is called into question somewhat. I found that this lack of inclusion of other studies and resources significantly weakened the baseline from which the reader enters the research from. Furthermore, had a more rigid an alysis of prior and existing scholarship been performed, the starting point for the reader would be advanced and a need to accept some of the results printed within the study would have been reduced; thereby allowing the reader or researcher to focus on the most important points of the research that has been presented. To the author’s credit, the study does pay careful attention